After Alexander II succeeds to the throne, internally started the reform, to win over the support of Pole, has relaxed in the dominant method of Polish area. 亚历山大二世继位过后,在国内掀起了改革,为了争取波兰人的支持,在波兰地区的统治手段有所缓和。 The Tsar government remitted the political offender in Poland, allows to form Poland Medical School and agricultural association organization in Warsaw. 沙皇政府赦免了波兰的政治犯,允许在华沙组建波兰医学院和农业协会组织。 In 1863, Alexander II restored for 20 years ago cancelled belief and public education committee. Meanwhile, the Tsar government also allows to convene the state affair to represent the conference.( Consultation nature) 1863年,亚历山大二世恢复了二十年前被取消的信仰和公共教育委员会。同时,沙皇政府还允许召开国务代表会议。(咨询性质的) ( Note: Alexander II succeeds to the throne the time to postpone, the reform time also postpones, in the book a lot of time and historically changed) (备注:亚历山大二世继位时间延后,改革时间也延后,书中很多时间都和历史上发生了变化) These concessions of Tsar government, caused the bourgeoisie of Poland and aristocrats were satisfied. Convention of state affair representative congress, making them have to the domestic politics exerts the influence channel. 沙皇政府的这些让步,使波兰的资产阶级和贵族们感到了满意。国务代表大会的召开,让他们拥有对国内政治施加影响的渠道。 The happiness is always contrasts, the reforms and more than ten years of ago Tsar government compared with the reform that Austria benefits, they compared with companions happy many of Galicia area. 幸福从来都是对比出来,沙皇政府的改革和十几年前奥地利的改革相比,他们要比加里西亚地区的同伴们幸福的多了。 Must know in 1848 in European Great Revolution, the aristocrats and capitalists in Galicia area, because is extremely active, therefore was hacked to death by the farmer of rebellion most probably, remaining one less than half because involved in the rebellion, by the Vienna government, when processing. 要知道1848年欧洲大革命中,加里西亚地区的贵族和资本家们因为太过活跃,所以被暴动的农民砍死了大半,剩下的一小半的又因为牵扯到了叛乱中,被维也纳政府当给处理掉了。 Fortunately survives is not overcautious, is the Habsburg family's death is loyal, firm standing on the side of Emperor. 幸存下来的不是谨小慎微,就是哈布斯堡家族的死忠,坚定的站在了皇帝一边。 Has to learn from another's mistakes, very soon is the aristocrats and capitalists in Poland anticipated that reduced. If by some chance the sand and sovereign government tore to pieces the facial skin, they believe that the consequence will be absolutely more serious. 有前车之鉴在,俄属波兰的贵族和资本家们心里预期都降低了。万一沙和皇政府撕破了脸皮,他们相信后果绝对会更加严重。 The Vienna government will at least find a reasonable excuse, begins in the regular range, but the Tsar government does not need. 至少维也纳政府会找一个合理的借口,在规则范围内动手,而沙皇政府则不需要。 Franz is the lord of bullying the weak and fearing the strong, the most that begins to kill personally does not have the foundation, discredited capitalist. 弗朗茨是欺软怕硬的主,亲自动手弄死的多半是没有根基,又声名狼藉的资本家。 But usually is forces to buy off the land to the aristocrat, the circumstance serious talent will eliminate the title, the matter that extinguishes the person whole families will never begin personally. 而对贵族通常是强制赎买土地,情节严重的才会剥夺爵位,灭人满门的事情从来不会亲自动手。 The matter that the Tsar government and Pole compromise, initiated the government attention of Berlin and Vienna, was worried this is the Russia person the prelude that expands in Europe. 沙皇政府和波兰人妥协的事情,引发了柏林和维也纳的政府关注,很多担心这是俄国人在欧洲扩张的前奏。 Strength today we are no longer as we have been that the Vienna government, Austria benefits, there is suddenly Austria Union , the big movement of Russia person in view of the probability that Austria benefits infinite is zero. 维也纳政府也就罢了,奥地利的实力今非昔比,又有俄奥同盟在,俄国人的大动作针对奥地利的几率无限为零。 The Berlin government is not good, looks like Russia , Poland to compromise in the Anti-Russia faction, wants to capture to be the plan of Polish territory with the Tsar government to be close. 柏林政府就不行了,在反俄派看来俄波妥协,和沙皇政府想要夺取普属波兰领土的计划紧密相连。 When this plan is earliest is formulated already indefinite. In the first Second Schleswig War, does not know that is intends or has no intention, the Tsar government capturing was the plan of Poland to divulge. 这份计划最早是什么时候制定的已经不确定的了。在第一次普丹战争中,不知道是有意还是无意,沙皇政府把夺取普属波兰的计划泄露了出去。 Because of existence of this plan, after the Austria advantage launches the reunification war, the Prussia kingdom does not dare to take action, missed the opportunity of annexing the northern German area. 因为这份计划的存在,在奥地利发动统一战争后,普鲁士王国迟迟不敢采取行动,错过了吞并北德意志地区的机会。 At that time the Tsar government deployed 200,000 armies in the two countries boundary, Nicholas I also sent people to agitate Prussia to take action specially, finally the Tsar government more is agitates Frederick- William IV more does not dare to move. 当时沙皇政府在两国边界部署了二十万军队,尼古拉一世还专门派人鼓动普鲁士采取行动,结果沙皇政府越是鼓动腓特烈-威廉四世就越不敢动。 Without the means that the Russian bear prestige is too bad. Also there is suddenly Austria Union , the Berlin government was worried, once the main force sends out, will come under the joint attack of suddenly Austria two countries. 没办法,毛熊的信誉太差。又有俄奥同盟在,柏林政府担心一旦主力出动,会遭到俄奥两国的联合打击。 Vienna government also very soon Austria both countries carve up the plan of Prussia, although is only the smoke shell that Franz lets out, but the Berlin government does not dare to bet. 维也纳政府还有一份俄奥两国瓜分普鲁士的计划,尽管只是弗朗茨放出去的烟雾弹,可是柏林政府不敢赌。 Battles in the native place, benefits the attack facing Austria, attacks facing Russia, the Prussia kingdom can support long time, waits for the intervention of various European countries. 在本土作战,无论是面对奥地利进攻,还是面对俄罗斯进攻,普鲁士王国都可以支撑很长时间,等待欧洲各国的干预。 The cross-boundary combat was different, the Prussia kingdom has not shown the momentum of later generation that unmatched in the world, the performance in first Second Schleswig War made the Berlin government not have the energy. 跨境作战就不一样了,普鲁士王国还没有打出后世那种天下无敌的气势,第一次普丹战争中的表现令柏林政府没有底气。 Knew after the Tsar government and Pole compromise, the Berlin government started the public relations immediately, hopes that the Tsar government changes to the standpoint of Pole. 得知沙皇政府和波兰人妥协过后,柏林政府立即开始了公关,希望沙皇政府改变对波兰人的立场。 Prime Minister Frank has said in secret: „I sympathize with the situation of Pole, but we must survive, without the means can only make them die.” 弗兰克首相就私底下对人说过:“我同情波兰人的处境,但是我们也要生存,没有办法只能让他们去死。” His attitude is also the standpoint of Prussia government, does utmost to destroy the compromise of Tsar government and Pole, becomes the national policy of Prussia government. 他的态度也是普鲁士政府的立场,竭尽全力破坏沙皇政府和波兰人的妥协,成为了普鲁士政府的国策。 In the mid-60's, conference kingdom Poland is facing two choices. 在六十年代中期,会议王国的波兰社会面临着两种选择。 First, and Tsar government cooperation, this can bring some moderate to the minority oppression, as well as some not radical social reform. 其一、和沙皇政府合作,这可以给民族压迫带来一些缓和,以及一些不彻底的社会改革。 Second, and Russia revolutionary movement organizes the cooperation, everyone overthrows the rule of Tsar government together diligently. 其二、和俄国革命运动组织合作,大家一起努力推翻沙皇政府的统治。 Obviously, although chooses the second way to obtain the subsidization of various European countries, however the success ratio of rebellion is not always high, becomes the possibility of heroic deed to be bigger than to become the possibility of hero, is not the choice of propertied class. 显然,尽管选择第二种方式可以获得欧洲各国的资助,但是造反的成功率从来都不高,成为英烈的可能性远比成为英雄的可能性更大,不是有产阶级的选择。 Polish independence movement Organization, is unable to obtain the support of aristocrats and capitalists, they transfer win over the worker and farmer. 波兰独立运动组织,无法取得了贵族和资本家们的支持,他们转为拉拢工人、农民。 Under the operation of English, at the end of 1862, the Polish independent body signed the agreement with the Russia revolution organization, jointly opposes the rule of Tsar government. 在英国人的操纵下,早在1862年末,波兰独立组织就和俄国革命组织签署了协定,共同反对沙皇政府的统治。 Agreement stipulation: Once the Polish independent body stages the revolt, the Russia revolution organization will provide the support to them, and also stages the revolt in the good time internally. 协议规定:一旦波兰独立组织发动起义,俄国革命组织会给他们提供支持,并且在合适的时机也在国内发动起义。 After 1863 the Tsar government compromised to Poland, the Prussia kingdom also joins in ranks that supported the Polish independent body, they helped the Polish independent body train the army in secret, allowing to be the Pole expatriation to join the revolutionary organization. 1863年沙皇政府对波兰妥协过后,普鲁士王国也加入到了支持波兰独立组织的行列中,他们暗中帮波兰独立组织训练军队,允许普属波兰人放弃国籍加入革命组织。 As for another supporter French of Polish Revolution Organization, in 1848 both sides on ganging up in one, the French of rich internationalism once also wants to organize the expeditionary force to help Poland be independent. 至于波兰革命组织的另外一个支持者法国人,早在1848年双方就勾搭在了一起,富有国际主义的法国人一度还想组织远征军帮助波兰独立。 Reform of Alexander II, set off worry of UK , France. By the Franz butterfly effect, the Tsar government won the Near East war, captured Constantinopolis, the threat of Russia person compared with historically rose, not only a scale. 亚历山大二世的改革,也引发了英法的担忧。在弗朗茨的蝴蝶效应下,沙皇政府打赢了近东战争,夺取了君士坦丁堡,俄国人的威胁比历史上上升了不只一个档次。 So is fierce situated in Russian Empire of feudal period, if made them complete the capitalist society to reform, that can also? 还处于封建时代的俄罗斯帝国都那么厉害,要是让他们完成了资本主义社会改革,那还得了？ The English worried that after Russia continues to get down powerful, will threaten their position of the world hegemon, particularly the Indian area will be under the threat of Russia person momentarily. 英国人担心俄罗斯继续强大下去后,会威胁到他们的世界霸主之位,尤其是印度地区随时都会受到俄国人的威胁。 The French regard as the biggest barrier on European hegemony the Russia person, benefits as for Austria of next door, at least seemingly does not have the Russia person to hit. 法国人更把俄国人视为欧陆霸权上的最大障碍,至于隔壁的奥地利,至少看上去没有俄国人能打。 This is the experience that the ancestor keeps, the Habsburg dynasty is no matter how powerful, France can win the victory finally. Consecutively for several hundred years of training the superiority feeling, Napoleon III decides first to do the Russia person. 这是祖宗留下来的经验,哈布斯堡王朝不管怎么强大,法兰西最终都能够赢得胜利。连续几百年时间培养出来的优越感,拿破仑三世决定先搞俄国人。 The UK , France three countries want to do the Russia person, had better be able interrupt the reform of Alexander II, splits Russian Empire. 英法普三国都想要搞俄国人,最好能够打断亚历山大二世的改革,分裂俄罗斯帝国。 Europe besides Russia generally recognized: Fission, and weak Russia, is the best Russia. 欧洲除俄罗斯外所有人公认的:分裂、且虚弱的俄罗斯,才是最好的俄罗斯。 After having the UK , France three supporters, since 1863, the influence of Polish independent body expanded rapidly, finally everyone felt preparation was similar, the Polish war of independence broke out. 拥有了英法普三个支持者后,从1863年开始,波兰独立组织的势力就迅速壮大,终于大家觉得准备的差不多了,波兰独立战争爆发。 This Pole has the energy, stands in their back lineups, absolutely is historically the most luxurious version. 这次波兰人相当的有底气,站在他们背后的阵容,绝对是历史上最豪华版的。 Only if the UK , France three overseas, the European overwhelming majority countries are sympathize or are support Poland to be independent, the ally of Russia person is sympathizing with Poland. 除非英法普三国外,欧洲绝大部分国家都是同情或者是支持波兰独立的,就连俄国人的盟友都在同情波兰。 The concrete manifestation is, the Polish independent body raised the donations of 1 million aegises in the Austria advantage, has not been blocked by Vienna government. 具体表现就是,波兰独立组织在奥地利募集了一百万神盾的捐款,没有遭到维也纳政府的阻拦。 The secret supporter of Polish independent body, Franz has no interest in knowing. In any case is the Russia person's trouble, having no need for him caring. 波兰独立组织的幕后支持者,弗朗茨没有兴趣知道。反正都是俄国人的麻烦,用不着他关心。 The plan of Junker aristocrats, he knows nothing. This is not the intelligence organization is incompetent, but is this irrelevant Austria benefits the benefit the matter, is not worth beginning using to place the Prussia government's internal spy with great difficulty. 容克贵族们的计划,他更是一无所知。这不是情报组织无能,而是这种无关奥地利利益的事情,不值得启用好不容易安插进普鲁士政府内部的间谍。 Because the relations of suddenly Austria Union, various countries conspire, avoided the informer in Austria Leeming surface as if by prior agreement. 因为俄奥同盟的关系,各国密谋的时候,不约而同的避开了奥地利明面上的眼线。 Informer secretly, that is buries with great difficulty. Naturally was impossible to transmit this information, after all each intelligence transmission was a risk. 暗地里的眼线,那是好不容易埋下去的。当然不可能传递这种情报了,毕竟每一次情报传递都是一种风险。 From beginning to end, Franz this Poland Uprising, regarded an ordinary independence movement. 至始至终,弗朗茨都把这次波兰起义,当成了一次普通的独立运动。 Support of foreign forces is inevitable, so long as this age stages the revolt in Russian Empire, will not lack the international friend to support selflessly. 外国势力的支持那是必然的,这个年代只要在俄罗斯帝国发动起义,都不会缺乏国际友人无私赞助。 Franz does not know, the Alexander II of St. Petersburg does not know the circumstances of the matter similarly. Just relaxed the relations with Polish area real power faction, won over the capitalist and aristocrat, the rebellion that now erupts, has not naturally brought to the attention of Tsar government. 弗朗茨不知道,圣彼得堡的亚历山大二世同样不知情。刚刚才缓和了同波兰地区实力派的关系,拉拢了资本家和贵族,现在爆发的叛乱,自然没有引起沙皇政府的重视。 Every other almost the last some time Poland area will erupt a rebellion, the Russia person has been used. If there is not had the rebellion for several years, that must be careful, explained that the Pole is doing the big movement. 几乎每隔上一段时间波兰地区都会爆发一次叛乱,俄国人早就习惯了。如果三年五载没有发生暴动,那就要小心了,说明波兰人在搞大动作。 Under the function of custom, the Tsar government ordered the local government to suppress the rebellion. 在习惯的作用下,沙皇政府只是下令当地政府镇压叛乱。 The reform of Alexander II, has yielded the gradual result, after abolishing serfdom, the industry and commerce of Russia gained the rapid growth. 亚历山大二世的改革,已经取得了阶段性的成果,在废除农奴制过后,俄国的工商业获得了高速发展。 Do not misunderstand, in this rapid growth mainly referring to quantity, industrial capacity large scale enhancement. However the industrial capacity increases, the quality does not have the big change, was still in the inferior position in the market competition. 不要误会,这个高速发展主要是指量上,工业产能大幅度提高。然而工业产能增加,质量却没有大的改变,在市场竞争中仍然处于不利地位。 The people rather use the high-cost imported goods, is not willing to use the national products. The Russia manufactured products of this period have the silly greatly thick common problem, not easy-to-use, even if, the key is in the price is not cheap. 国人都宁愿使用价格高昂的进口货,也不愿意使用国产货。这一时期的俄国工业产品拥有傻大粗的通病,不好用就算了,关键是价格上也不便宜。 Because of the relations of domestic transportation, made the Russia raw material transportation cost stay at a high level directly, in turn caused the production cost to be too high. 因为国内交通的关系,直接令俄国的原材料运输成本居高不下,进而导致了生产成本过高。 The trouble came, the manufactured products were make, what a pity won't sell in market. Especially the mechanical device, is completely the unsalable condition. 麻烦来了,工业产品是制造出来了,可惜在市场上卖不动。尤其是机械设备,完全是滞销状态。 Although the Tsar government raises the tariff price repeatedly, still does not have any use. Industrial equipment that even some people ridiculed the Russia production, but could also not compete with the handicraft industry. 尽管沙皇政府一再提高关税价格,仍然没有任何用处。甚至有人讥讽俄国生产的工业设备,还竞争不过手工业。 This is the exaggerating view, how also to compare the pure manpower to be high in the efficiency again. Naturally by the Russia inexpensive artificial price, with the high defective rate of mechanical device, who final cost tall who/what is low also is really an unknown. 这是夸张的说法,在效率上再怎么样也比纯人工要高。当然以俄国低廉的人工价格,和机械设备的高次品率,最后的成本孰高孰低还真是一个未知数。 In Chekov's literary work, had mentioned screw bolt that the Russia engine bed makes, in use, but also needs to conduct two polishes artificially. 契科夫的文学作品中,就提到过俄国机床生产出来的螺丝钉,在使用的时候,还需要人工进行二次打磨。 This is not possibly exaggerating, in the Russo-Japanese War, certain shell calibers have the error, but also needs the soldier to conduct after the polish, can the normal load launch. 这可能不算夸张,日俄战争中,某些炮弹口径出现误差,还需要士兵进行打磨过后,才能够正常装弹发射。 The weapon in army is so passable, the civilian product scuffles, that is not worth mentioning. In brief, the 19 th century Russia commodity was generation of expressions that manufactured in a rough way. 军队中的武器都这么凑合,民用产品敷衍了事,那就更加不值得一提了。总之,19世纪俄国商品就是粗制滥造的代言词。 The domestic market won't sell, the international market nobody will ask. Under this situation, the Tsar government decides in the spear/gun with hand, searches for the export market for the industry and commerce product. 国内市场卖不动,国际市场更是无人问津。在这种背景下,沙皇政府决定用手中的枪,为工商业产品寻找出口市场。 In the summer of 1864, Alexander II authorized the war department the plan that expanded in Central Asia, Poland Uprising that just erupted was disregarded. 1864年夏,亚历山大二世批准了陆军部在中亚地区扩张的计划,刚刚爆发的波兰起义被无视了。